Greece, Portugal, Spain: New evidence on the economic effects of military expenditure using the new SIPRI data
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.11.2.20Keywords:
Greece, Spain, Portugal, military expenditure, growth, SIPRIAbstract
This article first compares old with newly updated and extended SIPRI military expenditure data for Greece, Portugal, and Spain. Using the new data to confirm or reject earlier findings, it then replicates a Solow growth model application employed in a 2012 study by Dunne and Nikolaidou. In addition, the article provides new evidence on the military expenditure–economic growth nexus for these three countries using the extended data that now cover the post-global financial crisis and European debt crisis years. The use of the new SIPRI data does not lead to rejection of the earlier findings for Greece and Portugal but does reject the formerly negative and statistically significant effect of military burden on growth for the case of Spain.
References
Antonakis, N. 1999. “Guns versus Butter: A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp.501–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002799043004005
Barro, R.J. 1990. “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth.” Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 103–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261726
Biswas, B. and R. Ram. 1986. “Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in LDCs: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence.” Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 361–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451533
Chletsos, M. and C. Kollias. 1995. “Defense Spending and Growth in Greece, 1974-1990: Some Preliminary Econometric Results.” Applied Economics. Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 883–890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849500000042
Dunne, J.P. and E. Nikolaidou. 2001. “Military Spending and Economic Growth in Greece: A Demand and Supply Model, 1960-1996.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404976
Dunne, J.P. and E. Nikolaidou. 2005. “Military Spending and Economic Growth in Greece, Portugal and Spain.” Frontiers in Finance and Economics Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
Dunne, J.P. and E. Nikolaidou. 2012. “Defense Spending and Economic Growth in the EU15.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 537–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.663575
Dunne, J.P., R.P. Smith, and D. Willenbockel. 2005. “Models of Military Expenditure and Growth: A Critical Review.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 449–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690500167791
Dunne, J.P. and N. Tian. 2013. “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Survey.” Economics of Peace and Security Journal. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15355/epsj.8.1.5
Feder, G. 1983. “On Exports and Economic Growth.” Journal of Development Economics. Vol. 12, Nos. 1–2, pp. 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(83)90031-7
Knight, M., N. Loayza, and D. Villanueva. 1996. “The Peace Dividend: Military Spending Cuts and Economic Growth.” IMF Staff Papers. No. 1577. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867351
Kollias, C., G. Manolas, and S.M. Paleologou. 2004. “Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth in the European Union: A Causality Analysis.” Journal of Policy Modeling. Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 553–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.03.013
Nikolaidou, E. 2008. “The Demand for Military Expenditure: Evidence from the EU15, 1961-2005.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 273–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690802166533
Nikolaidou, E. 2016. “The Role of Military Expenditure in the Greek Debt Crisis.” Economics of Peace and Security Journal. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15355/epsj.11.1.18
Ram, R. 1986. “Government Size and Economic Growth: A New Framework and Some Evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data.” American Economic Review. Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 191–203.
Romer, P.M. 2000. “Keynesian Macroeconomics Without the LM Curve.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 149–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.2.149
Shahbaz, M., N.C. Leitao, G.S. Uddin, M. Arouri, and F. Teulon. 2013 “Should Portuguese Economy Invest in Defense Spending? A Revisit.” Economic Modelling. Vol. 35, pp. 805–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.08.038
Taylor, J.B. 2000. “Teaching Modern Macroeconomics at the Principles Level.” American Economic Review. Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.90